Method and culture medium for enhanced detection of mycobacterium

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to an improved culture medium and method for the enhanced growth and detection of  Mycobacterium  growth. The invention further relates to an improved mycobacterial reagent system or kit that can be used for the enhanced growth and detection of  Mycobacterium.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 61/269,977, entitled, “Method and Culture Medium forEnhanced Detection of Mycobacterium”, filed Jul. 1, 2009, which isincorporated herein.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention in general is directed to a culture medium andmethod for enhanced detection of mycobacterium. More specifically, thepresent invention is directed to various improvements to a culturemedium and method for improving or reducing the time to detection (TTD)of mycobacterium growth in the culture medium.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The mycobacteria are a genus of bacteria that are characterized asacid-fast, non-motile, gram-positive bacillus. The genus comprises manyspecies including Mycobacterium africanum, M. avium, M. bovis, M.bovis-BCG, M. chelonae, M. fortuitum, M. gordonae, M. intracellulare, M.kansasii, M. leprae, M. microti, M. scrofulaceum, M. paratuberculosis,and M. tuberculosis. Some of the mycobacteria are pathogenic to bothhumans and animals, in particular M. tuberculosis, M. leprae, and M.bovis. Other mycobacterial species are not normally pathogenic, butcause opportunistic infections in immunocompromised individuals, such asAIDS patients. For example, infection by M. kansasii, M. avium, and M.intracellulare can cause severe lung disease in subjects in whom theimmune system is suppressed or compromised. In fact, for the first timesince 1953, reported cases of mycobacterial infections are increasing inthe United States; many of these cases are related to the AIDS epidemic.

Detection of Mycobacterium species in clinical species is important as aclinical diagnostic tool. Historically, M. tuberculosis was thought tobe the only clinically significant pathogen in this genus. A rise in theincidence of drug-resistant strains of M. tuberculosis has furtheremphasized the need to detect this species. Tuberculosis displays all ofthe principal characteristics of a global epidemic disease. Currently,tuberculosis afflicts more than 35 million individuals worldwide andresults in over 4 million deaths annually. Thus, tuberculosis is aproblem of major concern throughout the world. Tuberculosis can becaused by M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. africanum and M. microti, theacid-fast, Gram positive, tubercle bacilli of the familyMycobacteriaceae. Some local pathogenic strains of M. tuberculosis havealso been isolated from patients in Madras and other cities in India,which differ in some respects from M. tuberculosis H37Rv, which is avirulent strain.

Other Mycobacterium species, however, are also clinically important.These are sometimes referred to as “MOTT” for mycobacterium other thantuberculosis, commonly including M. avium/intracellulare complexorganisms (M. avium, M. intracellulare, M. paratuberculosis, commonlyreferred to as MAIC), M. gordonae, M. fortuitum, M. chelonae, M.mucogenicum and mixtures of Mycobacterium species in a clinicalspecimen. For example, fast-growing opportunistic infections by M. aviumcomplex (MAC) bacteria have been shown to occur frequently in AIDS andother immunocompromised individuals. In such infected individuals, atleast 10⁶ MAC cells/ml of sputum sediment have been found. Therefore,detection assays that can detect many species of mycobacterium areclinically important.

Many clinical methods for detecting and identifying mycobacteriumspecies in samples require analysis of the bacteria's physicalcharacteristics (e.g., acid-fast staining and microscopic detection ofbacilli), physiological characteristics (e.g., growth on defined media)or biochemical characteristics (e.g., membrane lipid composition). Thesemethods require relatively high concentrations of bacteria in the sampleto be detected, may be subjective depending on the clinical technician'sexperience and expertise, and are time-consuming. Because mycobacteriumspecies are often difficult to grow in vitro and may take several weeksto reach a useful density in culture, these methods can also result indelayed patient treatment and costs associated with isolating aninfected individual until the diagnosis is completed.

Mycobacteria in general, and M. tuberculosis and M. bovis in particular,are fastidious microorganisms which are very slow growing. It can taketwo to three weeks to grow these organisms on the culture mediaconventionally used. There have been several efforts to find a medium ora substance which can enhance the growth and reduce the time factor. ForExample, U.S. Pat. No. 3,935,073, which is incorporated herein byreference, discloses a growth medium for culturing mycobacteriacontaining the following nutrients at the indicated levels: 7H9 brothbase 0.47% (containing potassium and sodium phosphates, sodiumglutamate, sodium citrate, ammonium sulfate, pyridoxine, ferric ammoniumcitrate, magnesium sulfate, zinc sulfate, copper sulfate, biotin andcalcium chloride obtained from BBL Microbiology Systems in Cockeysville,Md.), bovine serum albumin 0.5%, casein hydrolysate 0.1%, catalase 96units/vial, ¹⁴C labeled substrate 2 uCi/vial, deionized water balance to2 ml, Final pH 6.8±0.1.

Albumin can be used as a detoxifying agent in a medium for the growth ofmycobacteria. Albumin is a simple protein found in nearly every animaland in many vegetable tissues. Albumins are characterized as beingsoluble in water and coagulable by heat. They contain carbon, hydrogen,nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. A preferred albumin for the growth media ofthe present invention is bovine serum albumin. The albumin is typicallypresent in the growth media at a level of from about 0.1 percent byweight to about 10 percent by weight.

However, because of the slow growth rate and the need for an enrichedmedium for mycobacterial growth in culture, detection of mycobacteriafrom clinical samples (e.g. sputum, lung fluids, tissue or feces) stillrepresents a significant biological challenge. One factor in thischallenge arises from the fact that more rapidly-growing bacteria canovergrow the slow-growing mycobacterial organism of interest, thusprecluding or significantly hindering mycobacteria detection. Over thedecades, several techniques have been developed to decontaminatediagnostic samples (i.e. kill or inhibit non-mycobacterial organisms)submitted for mycobacterial identification. These techniques either killthe potential contaminates or injure them to the extent that theirgrowth is inhibited or totally prevented.

Conventionally, laboratory diagnosis of mycobacteria was based onacid-fast staining and cultivation of the organism, followed bybiochemical assays. As a result of the slow growth and long generationtime of mycobacteria, accurate laboratory diagnosis of mycobacteria byconventional techniques can take as long as six weeks. Automatedculturing systems such as the BacT/ALERT® system (bioMérieux, Inc.) candecrease the time for identification of mycobacteria by up to two weeks.

The present assignee, bioMérieux, Inc. offers the plastic BacT/ALERT® MPculture bottle for use in the BacT/ALERT® Microbial Detection systems asits culture based system for detecting mycobacteria in clinical samples,other than blood. The BacT/ALERT® Microbial Detection System utilizes acolorimetric sensor and reflected light to monitor the presence andproduction of carbon dioxide (CO₂) that is dissolved in the culturemedium. If mycobacteria are present in the test sample, carbon dioxideis produced as the microorganisms metabolize the substrates in theculture medium. When growth of the mycobacteria produces CO₂, the colorof the gas-permeable sensor installed in the bottom of each culturebottle changes from blue-green to yellow.

The BacT/ALERT® MP reagent system includes BacT/ALERT® MP culturebottle, reconstitution fluid (RF) and MB BacT antibiotic supplement(MAS) (hereinafter referred to as conventional or old RF (orconventional/old RF) and conventional or old MAS (or conventional/oldMAS). The BacT/ALERT® MP culture bottle is a plastic bottle thatcontains some components of the medium. The reconstitution fluid (RF)contains the remaining nutrients for mycobacteria growth and is used toreconstitute the MAS. The MAS is a lyophilized powder made up of sixantimicrobials to suppress unwanted respiratory flora from sputumsamples. The RF and MAS are packaged as the MAS kit. Nevertheless, therestill exists a need in the art to further reduce the time required foraccurate diagnosis of mycobacteria.

It is, accordingly, a primary object of this invention to provide aculture media and method for enhanced growth and detection ofMycobacterium species that may be present in a clinical sample. Afurther object of this invention is to provide a novel mycobacteriaculture medium suitable for the in vitro cultivation of mycobacteria.Still another object of this invention is to provide a mycobacteriaculture medium in accordance with the preceding object, wherein growthof contaminating organisms is inhibited.

Accordingly, we describe herein a new culture media formulation, a newnutrient supplement (NS) and a new mycobacterial antimicrobialsupplement (MAS) formulation, and manufacturing process improvementsthat show unexpected enhancement in the growth and detection ofmycobacteria. Also described herein are methods for enhanced growth anddetection of mycobacteria.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention generally relates to a novel culture medium forthe growth and detection of Mycobacterium. Moreover, the presentinvention provides compositions and diagnostic methods that detect awide spectrum of Mycobacterium species that may be present in a clinicalsample. The present invention is also directed to a new and improved MPsystem or kit that shows enhanced time to detection (TTD) formycobacterial growth and detection, the MP system or kit comprising anautoclavable BacT/ALERT® MP culture bottle, a nutrient supplement (NS)and a new mycobacteria antimicrobial supplement (MAS).

In one embodiment, the present invention is directed to a novel culturemedium for culturing mycobacteria, the culture medium comprising: (a) abase culture medium suitable for growth of mycobacteria; (b) one or morenutrient supplement additives; (c) and an improved antimicrobialsupplement; and wherein said culture medium exhibits enhanced growth forsaid mycobacteria.

In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a method forenhanced growth of mycobacteria comprising adding a sample suspected ofcontaining mycobacteria to a culture medium containing an effectiveamount of one or more nutrient additives to enhance the growth of saidmycobacteria and subjecting the culture medium to conditions suitablefor growth of said mycobacteria.

Another embodiment of the present invention is directed to a method forthe diagnosis of infection caused by a mycobacterium species, comprisingthe steps of: (a) providing a culture medium; (b) adding a nutrientsupplement to said culture medium, the nutrient supplement comprisingone or more nutrient additives for the enhance growth of saidmycobacteria; (c) adding a sample for which the presence or absence ofsaid mycobacterium species is to be determined, and (d) analyzing theculture for the presence of mycobacterium species, wherein a finding ofthe presence of the mycobacterium species indicates a positive diagnosisfor said infection.

In still another embodiment, the present invention is directed to animproved BacT/ALERT® MP reagent system or kit. The improved BacT/ALERT®MP reagent system or kit will include an improved MP culture bottle thatincludes a base culture medium for the growth of mycobacteria or water.Optionally, the culture medium or water of the new MP culture bottlewill not include any heat labile components, thereby allowing the new MPculture bottle to be autoclavable. The reagent system or kit willfurther include a new nutrient supplement (NS) and a new mycobacterialantimicrobial supplement (MAS). The nutrient supplement (NS) may includea base culture medium for the growth of mycobacteria and/or one or morecarbon sources, nitrogen sources, sugars, salts, nutrients, proteins,amino acids, fatty acids, or other nutrients.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1A—is a boxplot showing time to detection (TTD) of M. tuberculosiswith and without fatty acid supplementation.

FIG. 1B—is a boxplot showing time to detection (TTD) of M.intracellulare with and without fatty acid supplementation.

FIG. 1C—is a boxplot showing time to detection (TTD) of M. avium withand without fatty acid supplementation.

FIG. 2—is a boxplot showing time to detection (TTD) of mycobacteriastrains with and without α-ketoglutarate.

FIG. 3—is a boxplot showing time to detection (TTD) of mycobacteriastrains with azlocillin.

FIG. 4—is a boxplot showing the effect of vancomycin on mycobacterialstrain growth.

FIG. 5A—is a boxplot showing time to detection (TTD) of M. tuberculosis18283 with various mycobacterial antimicrobial supplement (MAS)formulations.

FIG. 5B—is a boxplot showing time to detection (TTD) of M. tuberculosis27294 with various mycobacterial antimicrobial supplement (MAS)formulations.

FIG. 5C—is a boxplot showing time to detection (TTD) of M. avium 569with various mycobacterial antimicrobial supplement (MAS) formulations.

FIG. 5D—is a boxplot showing time to detection (TTD) of M.intracellulare 13950 with various mycobacterial antimicrobial supplement(MAS) formulations.

FIG. 5E—is a boxplot showing time to detection (TTD) of M. scrofulaceum19981 with various mycobacterial antimicrobial supplement (MAS)formulations.

FIG. 5F—is a boxplot showing time to detection (TTD) of M. kansasii12478 with various mycobacterial antimicrobial supplement (MAS)formulations.

FIG. 6—is a boxplot showing a comparison of the prior MAS formulationversus new mycobacterial antimicrobial supplement (MAS) formulation fortime to detection (TTD) of M. tuberculosis complex growth.

FIG. 7—is a boxplot showing a comparison of the prior MAS formulationversus new mycobacterial antimicrobial supplement (MAS) formulation fortime to detection (TTD) of other mycobacteria strain growth.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The cultivation of propagating microorganisms by providing the propernutritional and environmental conditions is well known. A suitablegrowth or culture medium should contain all the nutrients required bythe microorganism which is to be cultivated. For example, a typicalmicrobiological culture medium should contain available sources ofwater, a carbon source, a nitrogen source, vitamins, trace elements suchas potassium, magnesium, calcium and iron, and minerals, such as sulfurand phosphorous. Typically, these needs are supplied from a number ofsources. Other factors for suitable propagating conditions may includepH, temperature, aeration, salt concentration and osmotic pressure ofthe medium.

In addition, it is known that certain growth factors may be required. Agrowth factor is an organic compound which a microorganism must containin order to grow but which it is unable to synthesize. Manymicroorganisms, when provided with the nutrients listed above, are ableto synthesize all of the organic constituents of their protoplasm,including amino acids, vitamins, purines and pyrimadines, fatty acidsand other compounds. Each of these essential compounds is synthesized bya discrete sequence of enzymatic reactions and each enzyme is producedunder the control of a specific gene. However, some microorganism cannotsynthesis one or more of these growth factors and must then obtain thatcompound from the environment. Required growth factors may include, butare not limited to, amino acids, vitamins, purines and pyrimadines,fatty acids and other required compounds for growth.

As discussed hereinabove, the current assignee, bioMérieux, Inc.,produces and sells a culture media bottle for growth and detection ofmycobacterium (BacT/ALERT® MP Process Bottle). The BacT/ALERT® MPProcess Bottle is designed for use with the BacT/ALERT® or BacT/ALERT®3D systems for recovery and detection of mycobacteria from sterile bodyspecimens and from digested-decontaminated clinical specimens. The MPProcess Bottle can be used in conjunction with the MB/BacT®Antimicrobial Supplement (MAS) and/or the MB/BacT® Reconstitution Fluid(RF) (referred to herein as conventional or old MAS and conventional orold RF).

The BacT/ALERT® MP disposable culture bottle has a removable closure andcontains approximately 10 ml of media and an internal sensor thatdetects carbon dioxide as an indicator of microbial growth. The culturemedia formulation consists of: Middlebrook 7H9Broth (0.47% w/v),pancreatic digest of casein (0.1% w/v), bovine serum albumin (0.5% w/v),and catalase (48 u/ml) in purified water (referred to herein asconventional or old culture media).

The conventional or old MB/BacT® Antimicrobial Supplement(conventional/old MAS) is a lyophilized supplement formulated to containamphotericin B (0.0180% w/v), azlocillin (0.0034% w/v), nalidixic acid(0.0400% w/v), polymyxin B (10,000 units), trimethoprim (0.00105% w/v),and vancomycin (0.0005% w/v).

The conventional/old MB/BacT® Reconstitution Fluid (conventional/old RF)contains oleic acid (0.05% w/v), glycerol (5% w/v), amaranth (0.004%),and bovine serum albumin (1% w/v) in purified water. The ReconstitutionFluid (RF) and MB BacT/ALERT® Antimicrobial Supplement (MAS) comprise asupplement kit that can be added to the MP bottle.

The present invention is directed to a new and improved culture mediumand method for the enhanced growth of mycobacterium. The culture mediumand methods of the present invention can be used for the cultivation ofany known mycobacteria, including, but not limited to, Mycobacteriumtuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium microti, Mycobacteriumafricanum, Mycobacterium canetti, Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacteriumintracellulare, Mycobacterium scrofulaceum, Mycobacterium kansasii,Mycobacterium malmoense, Mycobacterium xenopi, Mycobacterium marinum,Mycobacterium simiae, Mycobacterium terrae, Mycobacterium ulcerans,Mycobacterium abscessus, Mycobacterium fortuitum, Mycobacteriumchelonae, and Mycobacterium gordonae. We have now discovered a newculture media formulation, a new nutrient supplement (referred to hereinas new NS) and a new antimicrobial supplement (referred to herein as newMAS) formulation, and manufacturing process improvements that showunexpected enhancement in the growth and detection of mycobacteria.

The novel features of the MP system of the present invention mayinclude: (1) transfer of heat labile components from the MP culturemedium to a nutrient supplement, allowing for terminal sterilization ofthe MP bottle; (2) use of novel carbon sources to optimize CO₂production; (3) optimization of the nutrient supplement; and/or (4)optimization of the MAS antimicrobials and/or concentration ofantimicrobials. These improvements lead to several unexpectedimprovements in the growth and detection of mycobacteria, including: (1)improved performance of the MP bottle in terms of Time To Detection(TTD) of mycobacterial growth; (2) improved recovery of clinicallyrelevant mycobacteria; (3) reduction in breakthrough of contaminatingrespiratory flora (CRF); and/or (4) minimization of false positives.Additional improvements include simplification of the manufacturingprocess, such that, BacT/ALERT® MP bottles can be stored and shipped atroom temperature.

Culture Medium

In one embodiment, the novel culture medium of the present inventionprovides for enhanced growth of mycobacteria. As used herein, “enhancedgrowth” means mycobacteria growth can be detected using the culturemedium and/or supplements of the present invention, for example in aculture bottle, at least about 0.5 day, at least about 1 day, at leastabout 2 days, at least about 3 days, at least about 5 days, or at leastabout 7 days earlier than using conventional culture media. In otherwords, mycobacteria growth can be enhanced thereby allowing for animprovement or reduction in time to detection (TTD) of growth comparedto the growth of mycobacteria in a conventional culture medium. Inaccordance with this invention, TTD can be improved or reduced by atleast about 0.5 day, at least about 1 day, at least about 2 days, atleast about 3 days, at least about 5 days, or at least about 7 daysusing the culture medium of the present invention compared toconventional culture media. In one embodiment, the conventional culturemedium can be the conventional culture media supplemented with theconventional/old RF and conventional/old MAS of the BacT/ALERT® MPProcess Bottle (bioMérieux, Inc.), described hereinabove.

In another embodiment, the novel culture medium of the present inventionprovides for a decrease in lag time for growth of mycobacteria. As usedherein, “decreased lag time” means a decrease in the incubation orlatency time before the mycobacterium enters log phase growth. Inaccordance with the present invention, the culture medium and/orsupplements result in a decrease or reduction of lag time by at leastabout 0.5 days, or at least about 1 day, or at least about 2 days, or atleast about 3 days, when compared to the lag phase of the mycobacteriumin conventional/old culture medium. In one embodiment, theconventional/old culture medium can be the conventional culture mediasupplemented with the conventional/old RF and conventional/old MAS ofthe BacT/ALERT® MP Process Bottle (bioMérieux, Inc.), describedhereinabove.

The culture medium of the present invention comprises a liquid nutrientmedium or nutrient broth. The culture medium or nutrient broth of thepresent invention typically comprises one or more known nutirents, forexample, the culture medium may contain one or more carbon sources(e.g., glycerol), nitrogen sources (e.g., ammonia salts), sugars, salts(e.g., K⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Zn²⁺), nutrients, and/or water. In oneembodiment, the culture medium of the present invention comprisesMiddlebrook 7H9. As discussed hereinabove, Middlebrook 7H9 comprisespotassium salts, sodium salts, sodium glutamate, sodium citrate,ammonium sulfate, pyridoxine, ferric ammonium citrate, magnesiumsulfate, zinc sulfate, copper sulfate, biotin and calcium chloride.

The culture medium of the present invention may further compriseadditional nutrients and/or components that allow for the enhanceddetection of mycobacteria growth. Additional nutrients and/or componentsthat may be added to the culture medium of the present inventioninclude, but are not limited to, proteins, amino acids, fatty acids,cell or plant extracts and/or other nutrients. For example, the culturemedium of the present invention may further comprise casein (e.g., apancreatic digest of casein), albumin (e.g., bovine serum albumin),catalase and/or amaranth. In one embodiment, as discussed furtherherein, these additional nutrients and/or components may comprise aseparate nutrient supplement that may be added to a base culture mediumprior to the inoculation of the culture medium with a sample for whichthe determination of the presence or absence of a mycobacterium may bedesired.

In accordance with the present invention, we have discovered that highlevels of short and medium chain fatty acids (e.g., fatty acids havingabout 8 or fewer carbon atoms) associated with bovine serum albumin(BSA) in the culture media bottle may result in false positive readings.As such, it may be preferred to avoid using short, or medium chain fattyacids. For example, in accordance with this embodiment, the use of fattyacids having 8 or fewer carbon atoms (e.g., caprylic acid) should beavoided.

However, we have also discovered that these reagent induced falsepositives can be eliminated or significantly reduced by using fatty acidfree BSA and supplementing the culture medium formulation with longchain fatty acids. Accordingly, the culture medium may further comprisefatty acid free BSA (FA-free BSA) and one or more saturated orunsaturated long chain fatty acids, or salts thereof. In one embodiment,it may be preferred to utilize one or more long chain fatty acids having10 or more carbon atoms. In general, any known long chain fatty acid canbe used, including, but not limited to, myristic acid, palmitic acid,stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and salts thereof. In anotherembodiment, as discussed further herein, we have found that the fattyacids can be transferred from the culture media of the bottle to anutrient supplement that can be added separately to the culture mediaprior to inoculation with a test sample. As shown herein (see, e.g.,Example 1 and FIGS. 1A-1C), the use of a fatty acid free BSA andsupplementation of the culture medium with long chain fatty acidsresulted in an improvement in time to detection (TTD) of 2 to 2.5 daysfor the growth and detection of M. tuberculosis (see FIG. 1A), M.intracellulare (see FIG. 1B), and M. avium (see FIG. 1C).

In one aspect of the present invention, the culture medium of thepresent invention can be supplemented with one or more known metabolicpathway substrates or intermediates. We surprisingly discovered that byincluding a metabolic pathway substrate (e.g., α-ketoglutarate) in theculture media, mycobacteria growth and detection could be enhancedcompared to a culture media not containing the metabolic pathwaysubstrate (e.g., α-ketoglutarate). Although not wishing to be bound bytheory, it is believe that the use of a metabolic pathway substrate(e.g., α-ketoglutarate) in the culture medium may enhance CO₂ productionby mycobacteria present in the culture. In accordance with thisembodiment, substrates or intermediates of the citric acid cycle,glycolysis or glyoxylate bypass can be used. In one embodiment,substrates or cofactors of CO₂ producing enzymes, or intermediates,precursors or derivatives thereof, may be used in the present invention.For example, citric acid cycle intermediates, such as pyruvate, citrate,cis-aconitate, isocitrate, oxalosuccinate, α-ketoglutarate,succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, oxaloacetate, may be useful.In another embodiment, one or more of α-ketoglutarate, anα-ketoglutarate precursor, and/or an α-ketoglutarate derivative can beincluded in the culture medium of the present invention. Theα-ketoglutarate precursors or derivatives, may include, but are notlimited to, glutamate, isocitrate, oxalosuccinate, or mixtures thereof.The α-ketoglutarate, α-ketoglutarate precursor(s), and/orα-ketoglutarate derivative(s) can be present in the culture medium at afinal concentration of from about 0.1 g/L to about 50 g/L, from about0.5 g/L to about 20 g/L, or from about 1 g/L to about 20 g/L. In oneembodiment, as discussed further herein, the α-ketoglutarate,α-ketoglutarate precursor, and/or α-ketoglutarate derivative can beincluded in a nutrient supplement that can be added separately to theculture media.

In yet another aspect of the present invention, the culture medium ofthe present invention may further comprise one or more antimicrobialagents or substances. An antimicrobial is an agent or substance thatkills, suppresses, or otherwise inhibits the growth of microbes. Ingeneral, any known antimicrobial agent can be used, such as, drugs,chemicals, or other substances that kill, suppress, or slow the growthof microbes. Useful antimicrobial agents include, but are not limitedto, antibiotics, bacteriostatics, bactericides, antibacterials,antivirals, antifungals, antiprotozoals and antiparasites. In general,the antimicrobial is used at an amount sufficient to kill, suppress, orinhibit the growth of contaminating bacteria which may be present in theculture medium. For example, as one of skill in the art wouldunderstand, it may be preferred to inhibit the growth of contaminatingrespiratory flora (CRF) in the culture medium. CRF can interfere withthe growth of mycobacteria, deplete necessary nutrients formycobacterial growth and/or lead to false positives. Contaminatingrespiratory flora (CRF) may include, but are not limited to, P.aeruginosa, S. aureus, C. albicans, E. faecalis, K. pnuemoniae, S.maltophilia, C. tropicalis, methicillin resistant S. aureus (i.e.,MRSA), vancomycin resistant E. faecalis (i.e., VRE).

The antimicrobial may be one or more antibiotics or synthetic drugs,including, but not limited to, polymyxin B, vancomycin, azlocillin,amphotericin B, nalidixic acid, trimethoprim and fosfomycin. In apreferred embodiment, useful antibiotics inhibit contaminatingrespiratory flora (CRF) without suppressing or inhibiting mycobacterialgrowth.

In some embodiments, the antimicrobial supplement comprises one or moreantifungal antibiotics, gram negative antibiotics, gram positiveantibiotics, an antifungal antibiotic, and broad-spectrum antibiotics.For example, the antimicrobial supplement of the present invention maycomprise, an antifungal (e.g., amphotericin B), a gram-negativeantibiotic that alters the cytoplasmic membrane permeability (e.g.,polymyxin B), a broad-spectrum antibiotic that inhibits DNA gyrase(e.g., nalidixic acid), a chemotherapeutic agent (e.g., an agent thatinhibits dihydrofolate reductase (e.g., trimethoprim)) and abroad-spectrum antibiotic that inhibits enolpyruvate transferase (e.g.,fosfomycin). In general, any known antifungals, gram negativeantibiotics, broad-spectrum antibiotics, antibiotic inhibitors of DNAGyrase, or chemotherapeutic agent, can be used in the practice of thisinvention. In one embodiment, the antimicrobial supplement may compriseamphotericin B, polymyxin B, nalidixic acid, trimethoprim andfosfomycin.

As shown herein (see, e.g., Examples 3-4 and FIGS. 3-4), the use ofvancomycin and/or azlocillin may suppress, inhibit or slow the growth ofsome mycobacteria species. Thus, in some embodiments, it may bepreferred to avoid the use of vancomycin and/or azlocillin. We havediscovered that fosfomycin can be used instead of azlocillin andvancomycin to yield an antimicrobial supplement (MAS) that can be usedto enhance growth and detection of mycobacteria in culture, whencompared to the MB/BacT® Antimicrobial Supplement. For example, byreplacing azlocillin and vancomycin with fosfomycin, we have found thenew mycobacterial antimicrobial supplement (MAS) improves or reduces thetime to detection (TTD) of mycobacteria growth from 2-9 days, whencompared to the conventional/old MAS (see, e.g., Example 5 and FIGS.5A-5F). Therefore, in some embodiments, the use of polymyxin B,amphotericin B, nalidixic acid, trimethoprim and fosfomycin may bepreferred. These antibiotics can be used in amounts sufficient toinhibit the growth of contaminating bacteria which may be present in theculture medium. For example, the culture medium may contain a finalconcentration of from about 400 units/ml to about 2000 units/mlpolymyxin B, from about 50 μg/ml to about 400 μg/ml amphotericin B, fromabout 100 μg/ml to about 1000 μg/ml nalidixic acid, from about 10 μg/mlto about 100 μg/ml trimethoprim and from about 100 μg/ml to about 1000μg/ml fosfomycin. In one embodiment, as discussed further herein, theseantimicrobial agents may comprise a separate supplement that may beadded to a base culture medium prior to the inoculation of the culturemedium with a sample for which the determination of presence or absenceof a mycobacterium may be desired.

In accordance with the present invention, in one embodiment, the culturemedium of the present invention may comprise one or more of Middlebrook7H9, bovine serum albumin, α-ketoglutarate, casein, catalase, and/orwater. The culture medium may further comprise one or more additionalnutrients and/or components known to those of skill in the art as beingbeneficial to the cultivation of mycobacteria. For example, the culturemedium of the present invention may additionally comprise of one or moresugars or carbon sources, nitrogen sources, minerals, salts, aminoacids, vitamins, purines and pyrimadines, fatty acids and othercompounds. In another embodiment, the culture medium of the presentinvention comprises Middlebrook 7H9, glycerol, stearic acid (e.g.,sodium stearate), myristic acid (or salt thereof), palmitic acid (e.g.,sodium palmitate), oleic acid (e.g., sodium oleate), bovine serumalbumin, casein (e.g., pancreatic digest of casein), catalase, sodiumpyruvate, α-ketoglutarate, amaranth and water.

In yet another embodiment, the culture medium further comprises one ormore antimicrobial agents (e.g., fosfomycin). For example, the culturemedium may further comprises a mixture of antimicrobial agents, selectedfrom one or more of polymyxin B, azlocillin, vancomycin, amphotericin B,nalidixic acid, trimethoprim and/or fosfomycin. The culture medium mayfurther comprise a mixture of antibiotics comprising polymyxin B,amphotericin B, nalidixic acid, trimethoprim and fosfomycin.

In still another embodiment, the culture medium can be adjusted to a pHof from about 5.5 to about 7.5, a pH of from about 6.0 to about 7.0, ora pH of from about 6.5 to about 7.0. In accordance with this invention,the culture medium improves or reduces the time to detection (TTD) ofmycobacterial growth by at least about 0.5, at least about 1, at leastabout 2, at least about 3, at least about 5, or at least about 7 dayscompared to conventional/old mycobacterial culture medium.

Method for Enhanced Detection of Mycobacteria

In general, the present invention is also directed to a method fordetecting the growth of one or more mycobacterium that may be present ina biological sample. Samples that may be tested include both clinicaland non-clinical samples where the presence of a mycobacterium may besuspected. Clinical samples that may be tested include any type ofsample typically tested in clinical laboratories, including, but notlimited to, blood, sputum, aspirates, swabs and swab rinsates, otherbody fluids, and the like. In one embodiment, the sample may be asterile body specimen or a digested-decontaminated clinical specimen.Non-clinical samples that may be tested also include highly variablesubstances, encompassing, but not limited to, foodstuffs, beverages,pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, water, air, soil, plants, blood products(including platelets), donor organ or tissue samples, and the like.

In one aspect, the present invention is directed to a method forenhanced growth and/or detection of mycobacteria comprising adding asample suspected of containing mycobacteria to a culture mediumcomprising fatty acid-free BSA, one or more long chain fatty acids, andoptionally an antimicrobial supplement, and subjecting the culturemedium to conditions suitable for growth of said mycobacteria, whereinsaid fatty acid-free BSA and said one or more long chain fatty acidsenhance the growth of said mycobacteria. We have found that the use offatty acid-free BSA and one or more long chain fatty acids in the NSresults in a substantial reduction in false positive readings.Furthermore, as shown herein (see Example 1 and FIGS. 1A-1C), the use ofa fatty acid free BSA and supplementation of the culture medium withlong chain fatty acids resulted in an improvement in time to detection(TTD) of 2 to 2.5 days for the growth and detection of M. tuberculosis(see FIG. 1A), M. intracellulare (see FIG. 1B), and M. avium (see FIG.1C). In one embodiment, the culture medium may further comprise aneffective amount of an additive comprising α-ketoglutarate, anα-ketoglutarate precursor or an α-ketoglutarate derivative to enhancethe growth of said mycobacteria and subjecting the culture medium toconditions suitable for growth of said mycobacteria. We haveunexpectedly discovered that by using α-ketoglutarate, anα-ketoglutarate precursor and/or an α-ketoglutarate derivative in theculture medium and method of the present invention that the time todetection (TTD) of mycobacterial growth can be detected at least about0.5 day, at least about 1 day, at least about 2 days, at least about 3days, at least about 5 days, or at least about 7 days earlier than usingconventional/old culture medium (i.e., culture medium not havingα-ketoglutarate, an α-ketoglutarate precursor or derivative). As shownin Example 2 and FIG. 2, the time to detection (TTD) of mycobacteriastrains in a culture medium containing α-ketoglutarate is improved orreduced by approximately two days compared to TTD in a culture mediumnot containing α-ketoglutarate.

The present invention is also directed to a method for the diagnosis ofinfection caused by a mycobacterium species, comprising the steps of:(a) providing a culture medium; (b) adding a nutrient supplement to saidculture medium, said nutrient supplement additive comprising fattyacid-free BSA and optionally one or more long chain fatty acids; (c)adding a sample for which the presence or absence of said mycobacteriumspecies is to be determined; and (d) analyzing said culture for thepresence of said mycobacterium species, wherein a finding of thepresence of said mycobacterium species indicates a positive diagnosisfor said infection. We have found that the use of fatty acid-free BSAand one or more long chain fatty acids in the NS results in asubstantial reduction in false positive readings. Furthermore, as shownherein (see Example 1 and FIGS. 1A-1C), the use of a fatty acid free BSAand supplementation of the culture medium with long chain fatty acidsresulted in an improvement in time to detection (TTD) of 2 to 2.5 daysfor the growth and detection of M. tuberculosis (see FIG. 1A), M.intracellulare (see FIG. 1B), and M. avium (see FIG. 1C). In oneembodiment, the supplement may further comprise α-ketoglutarate, anα-ketoglutarate precursor and/or an α-ketoglutarate derivative. Asdiscussed hereinabove, the use of α-ketoglutarate, an α-ketoglutarateprecursor or an α-ketoglutarate derivative in the culture medium andmethod of the present invention can reduce the TTD by at least about 0.5day, at least about 1 day, at least about 2 days, at least about 3 days,at least about 5 days, or by at least about 7 days. In accordance withthis method, the nutrient supplement (NS) may optionally use fattyacid-free BSA and further comprise one or more long chain fatty acids(e.g., fatty acids having 10 or more carbon atoms).

In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a method ofinhibiting bacterial contamination in a mycobacteria culture, the methodcomprising culturing a sample suspected of containing mycobacteria in aculture medium comprising fosfomycin in an amount sufficient to inhibitthe growth of contaminating bacterium under conditions suitable forgrowth of said mycobacteria. In accordance with this method, one or moreantimicrobial agents or substances can be added to the culture mediumprior to, or concurrently with inoculation of the culture medium withthe biological sample to be tested. Subsequently, the culture media andsample can be cultivated for a sufficient time and at a sufficienttemperature to allow for the growth and detection of any mycobacteriathat may be present in the test sample. In another embodiment, the oneor more antimicrobials can be included in a mycobacterial antimicrobialsupplement (MAS) that can be added to the base culture medium prior to,or concurrently with inoculation of the culture medium with the sampleto be tested. As described hereinabove, the MAS may comprise of one ormore of polymyxin B, amphotericin B, nalidixic acid, trimethoprim, andfosfomycin.

In still another embodiment, the present invention is directed to methodemploying the use of an improved BacT/ALERT® MP reagent system or kitfor the growth and/or detection of mycobacteria that may be present in abiological sample. In accordance with this embodiment, as described infurther detail herein, the improved BacT/ALERT® MP reagent system willinclude an improved MP culture bottle that includes a base culturemedium for the growth of mycobacteria, a new nutrient supplement (NS)and a new mycobacterial antimicrobial supplement (MAS). The nutrientsupplement (NS) and/or mycobacterial antimicrobial supplement (MAS) canbe added to the base culture medium of the bottle prior to, orconcurrently with inoculation of the culture medium with the biologicalsample to be tested for the presence of mycobacteria. The inoculatedbottle will be cultivated for a sufficient time and at a sufficienttemperature to allow for growth and/or detection of any mycobacteriathat may be present in the biological sample. In one embodiment, theculture medium of the new MP culture bottle will not include any heatlabile components, thereby allowing the new MP culture bottle to beautoclavable.

MP Reagent Kit

In one aspect, the present invention is directed to an MP reagent kitfor the enhanced growth and detection of mycobacteria. The MP reagentkit will include a culture bottle having a base mycobacterium culturemedium, a nutrient supplement (NS), and/or a mycobacterial antimicrobialsupplement (MAS).

Culture Bottle

In one embodiment, the present invention is directed to a bottle orcontainer (i.e., a culture bottle) that contains a new and improvedmycobacterium culture medium. In general, the culture bottle may be ofany design or size known in the art, and may comprise any known culturemedium beneficial to the growth and/or detection of mycobacteria. In oneembodiment, the culture bottle comprises Middlebrook 7H9 broth and/orwater as a base culture medium. The conventional/old MP bottle uses aliquid culture media with a pH of about 6.8 for the growth and detectionof Mycobacterium. Likewise, the new and improved MP culture bottle willhave a liquid or broth base culture medium to which a new nutrientsupplement and/or a new mycobacterial antimicrobial supplement (MAS) canbe added. The culture medium can be adjusted to a pH of from about 5.5to about 7.5, a pH of from about 6.0 to about 7.0, or a pH of from about6.5 to about 7.0. In another embodiment, the MP culture bottle culturemedium will have a pH of about 6.8.

We have surprisingly found that by removing certain growth nutrientsfrom the culture media bottle, including, for example, bovine serumalbumin, catalase bovine liver and/or casein, the bottle can beterminally sterilized. For example, by removing the heat labilecomponents the bottle can be autoclaved. Improvements related toterminal sterilization of the bottle include improved storage andshipping. For example, the terminally sterilized bottle (e.g.,autoclaved bottle) can be stored and shipped at room temperatureresulting in considerable cost reduction. The terminally sterilizedbottle may further result in an improved shelf life and/or an increasedsterility level (SAL).

Nutrient Supplement (NS)

The present invention is also directed to an improved nutrientsupplement (NS) that can be added to the culture bottle of the presentinvention to enhance the growth and detection of mycobacteria. Ingeneral, the nutrient supplement (NS) is added to a culture bottlecontaining a base culture medium for mycobacteria growth, prior toinoculation of the bottle and culture medium with a sample for whichdetection of the presence of a mycobacterium is desired.

The improved nutrient supplement (NS) of the present invention caninclude any known nutrient or supplement beneficial to the growth ofmycobacteria. For example, the nutrient supplement may include one ormore carbon sources, nitrogen sources, sugars, salts, nutrients,proteins, amino acids, fatty acids, and/or other nutrients known tothose skilled in the art.

In accordance with this invention, in one embodiment, the nutrientsupplement may further comprise α-ketoglutarate, an α-ketoglutarateprecursor and/or an α-ketoglutarate derivative. In general, any knownα-ketoglutarate precursor or derivative can be used, including, but notlimited to, glutamate, isocitrate, oxalosuccinate, or mixtures thereof.The α-ketoglutarate, α-ketoglutarate precursor(s), and/orα-ketoglutarate derivative(s) can be present in the nutrient supplementat a sufficient amount such that after addition to the culture medium ofthe culture bottle, the final concentration of α-ketoglutarate,α-ketoglutarate precursor and/or α-ketoglutarate derivative is fromabout 0.1 g/L to about 50 g/L.

In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, thenutrient supplement may further comprise one or more saturated orunsaturated long chain fatty acids, or salts thereof. In one embodiment,it may be preferred to utilize one or more long chain fatty acids having10 or more carbon atoms. In general, any known long chain fatty acid canbe used, including, but not limited to, myristic acid, palmitic acid,stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and salts thereof. In anotherembodiment, it may be preferred to avoid using short, or medium chainfatty acids. For example, in accordance with this embodiment, the use offatty acids having 8 or fewer carbon atoms (e.g., caprylic acid) shouldbe avoided.

In another aspect, as mentioned hereinabove, it may be preferred to usefatty acid free bovine serum albumin (BSA) in the nutrient supplement ofthe present invention. As previously mentioned, the use of fatty acidfree BSA can substantially reduce or eliminate reagent based falsepositives.

In one embodiment, the nutrient supplement (NS) comprises glycol, one ormore long chain fatty acids, fatty acid free bovine serum albumin (BSA),pancreatic digest of casein, sodium pyruvate, amaranth andα-ketoglutarate. The nutrient supplement can be added to the culturebottle along with the base culture medium, or can be added to theculture bottle just prior to inoculation with a test sample.Alternatively, the nutrient supplement can be used to resuspend themycobacterial antimicrobial supplement (MAS) and then added to theculture media bottle.

Mycobacterial Antimicrobial Supplement (MAS)

The present invention is also directed to an improved mycobacterialantimicrobial supplement (MAS) that can be added to the culture bottleof the present invention to enhance the growth and detection ofmycobacteria. We have developed an improved mycobacterial antimicrobialsupplement (MAS) that enhances the growth of mycobacteria in culture.The improved MAS is effective in suppressing or inhibiting the growth ofcontaminating respiratory flora (CRF) without suppressing or inhibitingmycobacterial growth. Contaminating respiratory flora (CRF) may include,but are not limited to, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, C. albicans, E.faecalis, K. pnuemoniae, S. maltophilia, C. tropicalis, methicillinresistant S. aureus (MRSA), vancomycin resistant E. faecalis (VRE). Inone embodiment, the mycobacterial antimicrobial supplement (MAS) can bedirectly added to a culture bottle comprising a base culture medium formycobacteria growth, prior to inoculation of the bottle and culturemedium with a sample for which detection of the presence of amycobacterium is desired. In another embodiment, the nutrient supplement(NS) can be used to resuspend the antimicrobial supplement (MAS), priorto being added to the culture media bottle.

In general, any known antimicrobial agent or substance may be used,including, but not limited to, antibiotics, bacteriostatics,bactericides, antibacterials, antivirals, antifungals, antiprotozoalsand/or antiparasites. However, preferred antimicrobial agents includeany antimicrobials that suppress or inhibit the growth of contaminatingrespiratory flora (CRF) without suppressing or inhibiting the growth ofmycobacteria. In one embodiment, the MAS comprises one or moreantimicrobials in an amount sufficient to inhibit bacterialcontamination in said culture medium.

In another embodiment, the culture medium of the present inventionincludes one or more antibiotics. Useful antibiotics include, forexample, antibiotics the suppress or inhibit CRF growth, including, butnot limited to, polymyxin B (POLY B), vancomycin (VAN), azlocillin(AZL), amphotericin B (AMP B), nalidixic acid (NA), trimethoprim (TMP)and fosfomycin (FOS). Antibiotics used to treat mycobacterial infectionsand which may kill, suppress or inhibit mycobacteria growth are notuseful in the antibiotic supplement in the present invention andinclude, for example, isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, streptomycinand ethambutol. As previously discussed hereinabove, the presentassignee markets and sells a MB/BacT® Antimicrobial Supplement that is alyophilized supplement formulated to contain amphotericin B (0.0180%w/v), azlocillin (0.0034% w/v), nalidixic acid (0.0400% w/v), polymyxinB (10,000 units), trimethoprim (0.00105% w/v), and vancomycin (0.0005%w/v). However, we have now unexpectedly discovered that fosfomycin canbe supplemented for azlocillin and vancomycin to yield an antimicrobialsupplement (MAS) that can be used for the enhanced growth and detectionof mycobacteria in culture, when compared to the conventional/oldMB/BacT® Antimicrobial Supplement.

As such, in one embodiment, the improved mycobacterial antimicrobialsupplement (MAS) comprises a lyophilized supplement formulated tocontain ampotericin B (AMP B), polymyxin B (POLY B), trimethoprim (TMP),nalidixic acid (NA) and fosfomycin (FOS). The mycobacterialantimicrobial supplement (MAS) can be formulated such that the finalculture medium will contain a final concentration of from about 400units/ml to about 2000 units/ml polymyxin B, from about 50 μg/ml toabout 400 μg/ml amphotericin B, from about 100 μg/ml to about 800 μg/mlnalidixic acid, from about 10 μg/ml to about 100 μg/ml trimethoprim andfrom about 100 μg/ml to about 1000 μg/ml fosfomycin.

In yet another embodiment, the nutrient supplement (NS) andantimicrobial supplement (MAS) may form a separate kit that can then beadded to a terminally sterilized culture media bottle. In thisembodiment, the NS/MAS kit can be separately marketed and sold as anadditive for the BacT/ALERT MP bottle.

The following examples are given to further illustrate features of theinvention, but are not intended to limit the scope of the invention inany way.

EXAMPLES Example 1 TTD of Various Mycobacteria Strains with and withoutFatty Acid Supplementation

To evaluate the effect of long chain fatty acids (FA) on Mycobacteriagrowth, fatty acid free (FAF) BSA was selected from Proliant, Inc.(Ames, Iowa). Five long chain FA: myristic acid (C14:0), palmitic acid(C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1), and linoleic acid(C18:2) were identified as possible FA supplements based on the FAprofile and growth performance. A new formulation of supplement with FAFBSA was prepared and tested with and without the five FA (see Table 1for new supplement formulation). The FA supplementation target levelswere based on FA content obtained from previous evaluations. The FAF BSAconcentration used was 10 g/L. The loss of FA during filtration of newsupplement was determined by Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) analysis.The recovery of FA was observed to be >80% after filtration with 0.45 μmfilter. The analysis of this formulation demonstrated that the higherlevels of BSA enhanced the FA solubilization and stability by BSA-FAbinding (data not shown). The analysis also demonstrated that the lowerthe BSA content, the less binding of FA resulting in more FA loss duringfiltration.

A new autoclavable culture bottle was devised by transferring heatlabile components of culture medium present in the conventional or oldbottle to the conventional/old RF. The new autoclavable culture bottlecomprised Middlebrook 7H9. The new RF supplement was prepared using thecomposition of conventional or old RF but modifying to accommodate theheat labile components transferred from the old MP bottle formulation.Table 1 below shows the composition of a new autoclavable MP bottle (asdescribed hereinabove) and new supplement. BSA used in this newsupplement was fatty acid free (FAF) BSA (Proliant Inc., Ames, Iowa)rather than conventional BSA used in conventional/old RF.

TABLE 1 New MP Bottle and New Supplement formulations New MP BottleModified RF or New Supplement MP Culture Bottle Reconstitution Fluid RawMaterial g/L Raw Material g/L Middlebrook 7H9 4.7 Bovine Serum Albumin210 Pancreatic digest or 20 Casein Catalse Bovine Liver 0.86 Glycerol 50Oleic acid 0.475 Sodium pyruvate 20 Amaranth 0.04

For Growth Performance, five organisms (M. tuberculosis, M. avium, andM. intracellulare) were tested. The conventional MAS formulation wasused for these experiments. The new supplement with/without FAsupplementation and conventional/old RF were used to rehydrate alyophilized powder of the conventional or old MB BacT antibioticsupplement (conventional/old MAS) (bioMérieux, Inc.). Theconventional/old MAS contained 1000 units/ml polymyxin B (POLY B), 180μg/ml amphotericin B (AMP B), 400 μg/ml nalidixic acid (NA), 10.5 μg/mltrimethoprim (TMP), 34 μg/ml Azlocillin (AZL) and 5 μg/ml Vancomycin(VAN).

For the new supplement, the new, autoclavable BacT/ALERT® MP bottle (asdescribed hereinabove) was used and for conventional/old RF, theconventional/old MP bottle was used. Before the inoculation of new andconventional/old MP culture bottles (bioMérieux, Inc.) with mycobacteriacultures, 0.5 ml of new supplement with/without FA or 0.5 ml ofconventional/old RF were added to one set of the BacT/ALERT® MP culturebottles. The rehydrated conventional MAS (using new supplementwith/without FA and conventional/old RF) was added to the second set ofMP culture bottles. The growth (as TTD of growth) was compared in thesebottles for Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare andMycobacterium tuberculosis cultures after inoculating with approximately0.5×10³ CFU/ml. The colony counts were also performed using Middlebrook7H10 agar plates to verify the inoculum levels and purity of cultures.The inoculated MP bottles were loaded at 35-37° C. in BacT/ALERT® 3D(bioMérieux, Inc.) non-rocking system for 35 days. Time To Detection(TTD) data was collected when the bottles were declared positive by theBacT/ALERT® instrument. The results are shown in Table 2 and FIGS.1A-1C.

TABLE 2 TTD results for M. tuberculosis, M. intracellulare and M. aviumStd. Fatty Avg. Dev. Min. Max. Organism Supplement BSA Acids TTD TTD TTDTTD # Positive # Tested M. avium Media only Conventional No FA 15.1 0.714.3 16.0 5 5 25291 FAF FA 15.3 0.5 14.8 15.8 5 5 No FA 17.0 0.6 16.217.7 5 5 Media + MAS Conventional No FA 18.1 0.9 16.7 19.0 5 5 FAF FA16.8 0.9 15.8 17.7 5 5 No FA 21.0 0.8 20.3 22.0 5 5 M. intracellulareMedia only Conventional No FA 8.3 0.3 7.8 8.7 5 5 13950 FAF FA 7.9 0.37.5 8.2 5 5 No FA 12.5 0.5 11.7 12.8 5 5 Media + MAS Conventional No FA18.7 2.7 16.0 22.5 5 5 FAF FA 13.8 1.4 11.5 16.0 10 10 No FA 24.8 6.117.3 33.5 10 10 MTB 25177 Media only Conventional No FA 19.3 0.4 18.719.7 5 5 FAF FA 18.7 0.8 17.7 19.5 5 5 No FA 19.9 0.5 19.3 20.3 5 5Media + MAS Conventional No FA 25.6 4.0 20.2 31.5 5 5 FAF FA 23.4 0.622.3 23.8 5 5 No FA 27.6 1.8 25.8 30.0 5 5

FIG. 1A shows TTD results for Mycobacterium tuberculosis in culturescontaining FA free (FAF) BSA with and without supplementation of longchain fatty acids. As shown in FIG. 1A, a reduction in TTD was seen insamples containing FA free BSA supplemented with FAs when compared tosamples containing BSA without supplementation of FA.

FIG. 1B shows TTD results for Mycobacterium intracellulare in culturescontaining FA free (FAF) BSA with and without supplementation of longchain fatty acids. As shown in FIG. 1B, a reduction in TTD was seen insamples containing FA free BSA supplemented with FAs when compared tosamples containing BSA without supplementation of FA.

FIG. 1C shows TTD results for Mycobacterium avium in cultures containingFA free (FAF) BSA with and without supplementation of long chain fatty.As shown in FIG. 1C, a reduction in TTD was seen in samples containingFA free BSA supplemented with FAs when compared to samples containingBSA without supplementation of FA.

The results demonstrated an improvement in TTD of M. tuberculosis, M.intracellulare, and M. avium by 2 to 2.5 days in the presence ofmycobacterial antimicrobial supplement (MAS) and new nutrient supplement(NS). As discussed hereinabove, the new NS comprises fatty acid free BSAand supplemented long chain fatty acids.

Example 2 TTD of Mycobacteria Strains with and without α-Ketoglutarate

To improve TTD of mycobacteria further, substrates and/or cofactors ofCO₂-producing enzymes in the mycobacterial cell pathways were selectedfor further study, including α-ketoglutarate, iso-citrate, L-malate,oxaloacetic acid, lactate and L-arginine. The new supplement with FA wasprepared and filter sterilized as explained above. The substrates wereadded at different concentrations in the new supplement.

Four species of mycobacteria were tested at 0.5×10³ CFU/ml. The effectof different concentrations of α-ketoglutarate was studied on the growth(as TTD of growth) of Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulareand Mycobacterium tuberculosis cultures. A new, autoclavable BacT/ALERT®MP culture bottle was used (as described hereinabove). Before theinoculation of MP culture bottles with mycobacteria cultures, 0.5 ml ofnew supplement with various amounts of α-ketoglutarate was added to thenew BacT/ALERT® MP culture bottles. The colony counts were alsoperformed using Middlebrook 7H10 agar plates to verify the inoculumlevels and purity of cultures. The inoculated MP bottles were loaded at35-37° C. in BacT/ALER® 3D non-rocking system for 35 days. Time ToDetection (TTD) data was collected when the bottles were declaredpositive by the BacT/ALERT® instrument.

The results for TTD of key mycobacteria species with the inclusion oftwo concentrations of α-ketoglutarate 5 and 15 g/L are presented inTable 3 and FIG. 2. Table 3 and FIG. 2 show that the addition ofα-ketoglutarate (5 g/L or 15 g/L) to a culture medium resulted in anapproximate two days reduction in time to detection (TTD) of growth inMycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare and Mycobacteriumtuberculosis cultures when compared to a culture medium not containingα-ketoglutarate.

Similar experiments were performed using different concentrations ofiso-citrate, L-malate, oxaloacetic acid, lactate and L-arginine,however, unlike α-ketoglutarate, these other substrates did not show areduction in TTD (data not shown).

TABLE 3 TTD of Mycobacteria species with and without α-ketoglutarateStd. No. of Avg. Dev. Min. Max. posi- No. Organism Substrate TTD TTD TTDTTD tives tested M. avium No-α-keto 15.6 0.2 15.5 15.8 3 3 25291glutarate α-keto 13.8 1.1 12.7 14.8 3 3 glutarate-5 g α-keto 13.5 1.312.2 14.8 3 3 glutarate-15 g M. intra- No-α-keto 11.6 1.3 10.7 13.0 3 3cellulare glutarate 13950 A-keto 9.0 0.3 8.7 9.2 3 3 glutarate-5 gA-keto 8.8 0.4 8.5 9.2 3 3 glutarate-15 g MTB 27294 No-α-keto 15.7 0.814.8 16.2 3 3 glutarate A-keto 14.3 0.8 13.8 15.2 3 3 glutarate-5 gA-keto 13.9 0.2 13.7 14.0 3 3 glutarate-15 g

Example 3 TTD of Mycobacteria Species with Conventional MAS

The effectiveness of the conventional MAS against mycobacteria growthwas determined by studying the effect of six drugs including polymyxin B(POLY B), amphotericin B (AMP B), nalidixic acid (NA), trimethoprim(TMP), Azlocillin (AZL) and Vancomycin (VAN). These studies were alsoperformed to identify the drugs and their concentrations that hadadverse effects on mycobacteria growth.

For growth performance, conventional/old RF was prepared and differentconcentrations of six antimicrobials were added. The concentrations wereselected as 25-50% levels lower than or higher than the concentrationsof conventional MAS which are 1000 units/ml polymyxin B (POLY B), 180μg/ml amphotericin B (AMP B), 400 μg/ml nalidixic acid (NA), 10.5 μg/mltrimethoprim (TMP), 34 μg/ml Azlocillin (AZL) and 5 μg/ml Vancomycin(VAN).

The growth (as TTD of growth) was determined for Mycobacteriumintracellulare, Mycobacterium kansasii, Mycobacterium scrofulaceum, andMycobacterium tuberculosis using azlocillin in the culture medium. Thesuppression of gram positives, gram negatives and yeast that could bepresent in a sputum sample (referred to as contaminating respiratoryflora, or CRF) was also studied in parallel with the same formulations(data not shown).

For this evaluation, the conventional or old MP formulation (bioMérieux,Inc.) was used. Before the inoculation of MP culture bottles withmycobacteria or other bacterial/yeast cultures, 0.5 ml ofconventional/old RF with different drugs was added to the conventionalBacT/ALERT® MP culture bottles (bioMérieux, Inc.). The colony countswere also performed using Middlebrook 7H10 or sheep blood or tryptic soyagar plates to verify the inoculum levels and purity of cultures. Theinoculated MP bottles were loaded at 35-37° C. in BacT/ALERT® 3D(bioMérieux, Inc.) non-rocking system for 35 days for mycobacteriacultures and up to 15 days for other cultures. Time To Detection (TTD)data was collected when the bottles were declared positive by theBacT/ALERT instrument. The results are shown in Tables 4-5 and FIGS.3-4.

As shown in Table 4 and FIG. 3, the use of azlocillin in a culturemedium had a negative effect on the growth (as determined by TTD ofgrowth) of Mycobacterium intracellulare, Mycobacterium kansasii,Mycobacterium scrofulaceum, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, whencompared to a culture medium that contained no antimicrobial agents.

The growth (as TTD of growth) was determined for Mycobacterium kansasii,Mycobacterium scrofulaceum, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis usingvancomycin in the culture medium.

As shown in Table 5 and FIG. 4, the use of vancomycin in a culturemedium had a negative effect on the growth (as determined by TTD ofgrowth) of Mycobacterium kansasii, Mycobacterium scrofulaceum, andMycobacterium tuberculosis, when compared to a culture medium thatcontained no antimicrobial agents.

The use of other drugs in a culture medium did not have any adverseimpact on mycobacteria growth (data not shown) even at higherconcentrations tested. The higher concentrations of drugs were able tosuppress most of CRF for 10-15 days with some exceptions of gramnegatives (data not shown).

TABLE 4 TTD of Mycobacteria species in the presence of Azlocillin (AZL)Average Std. Dev Min Max Organism Supplement TTD TTD TTD TTD # Positive# Tested M. avium Media + AZL 12 20.1 2.2 17.8 22.8 4.0 4.0 25291Media + AZL 24 22.2 1.8 20.7 24.3 4.0 4.0 Media + AZL 48 21.2 1.6 19.823.0 4.0 4.0 Media-No drug 18.6 0.9 17.7 19.5 3.0 3.0 M. fortuitumMedia + AZL 12 4.0 0.2 3.8 4.2 4.0 4.0 6841 Media + AZL 24 4.2 0.3 3.84.5 4.0 4.0 Media + AZL 48 4.1 0.2 3.8 4.3 4.0 4.0 Media-No drug 3.8 0.33.5 4.0 3.0 3.0 M. intracellulare Media + AZL 12 16.4 1.1 15.3 18.0 4.04.0 13950 Media + AZL 24 19.8 4.7 16.8 26.8 4.0 4.0 Media + AZL 48 20.01.1 19.2 20.8 2.0 4.0 Media-No drug 8.5 0.2 8.3 8.7 3.0 3.0 M. kansasiiMedia + AZL 12 18.5 1.1 17.7 19.7 3.0 4.0 12478 Media + AZL 24 18.9 1.816.5 20.5 4.0 4.0 Media + AZL 48 20.5 #DIV/0! 20.5 20.5 1.0 4.0 Media-Nodrug 14.8 1.8 13.0 16.5 3.0 3.0 M. scrofulaceum Media + AZL 12 24.2 0.224.0 24.3 2.0 4.0 19981 Media + AZL 24 4.0 Media + AZL 48 21.7 #DIV/0!21.7 21.7 1.0 3.0 Media-No drug 15.4 0.5 15.0 16.0 3.0 3.0 M.tuberculosis Media + AZL 12 15.4 0.8 14.7 16.5 4.0 4.0 27294 Media + AZL24 16.0 0.9 15.3 17.3 4.0 4.0 Media + AZL 48 15.4 0.5 14.7 15.8 4.0 4.0Media-No drug 15.5 0.8 14.7 16.2 3.0 3.0 M. tuberculosis Media + AZL 1222.4 3.7 17.0 24.8 4.0 4.0 25177 Media + AZL 24 23.8 4.2 20.8 26.8 2.04.0 Media + AZL 48 24.8 0.1 24.7 24.8 2.0 4.0 Media-No drug 23.6 1.322.2 24.8 3.0 3.0

TABLE 5 TTD of Mycobacteria species in the presence of Vancomycin (VAN)Std. Average Dev Min Max # # Organism Supplement TTD TTD TTD TTDPositives Tested M. avium Media + VAN 20.6 2.2 18.5 22.8 3.0 4.0 252911.75 Media + VAN 21.2 1.6 19.8 22.7 4.0 4.0 3.5 Media + VAN 7 20.6 2.018.3 23.2 4.0 4.0 Media-No drug 19.4 0.4 19.0 19.8 3.0 3.0 M. fortuitumMedia + VAN 4.7 0.3 4.5 5.2 4.0 4.0 6841 1.75 Media + VAN 4.1 0.3 3.74.5 4.0 4.0 3.5 Media + VAN 7 4.8 0.5 4.3 5.3 4.0 4.0 Media-No drug 4.20.3 4.0 4.5 3.0 3.0 M. intracellulare Media + VAN 9.4 0.1 9.2 9.5 4.04.0 13950 1.75 Media + VAN 9.7 0.3 9.5 10.2 4.0 4.0 3.5 Media + VAN 710.3 0.7 9.7 11.2 4.0 4.0 Media-No drug 9.3 0.2 9.2 9.5 3.0 3.0 M.kansasii Media + VAN 17.7 0.8 17.0 18.8 4.0 4.0 12478 1.75 Media + VAN21.5 0.4 21.2 21.8 2.0 4.0 3.5 Media + VAN 7 4.0 Media-No drug 16.5 0.216.3 16.7 3.0 3.0 M. scrofulaceum Media + VAN 14.2 1.0 12.8 15.3 4.0 4.019981 1.75 Media + VAN 14.0 1.2 12.2 15.0 4.0 4.0 3.5 Media + VAN 7 15.3— 15.3 15.3 1.0 1.0 Media-No drug 13.9 0.8 13.2 14.8 3.0 3.0 MTB Media +VAN 23.7 0.9 23.0 24.3 2.0 4.0 25177 1.75 Media + VAN 4.0 3.5 Media +VAN 7 4.0 Media-No drug 22.6 0.8 21.8 23.3 3.0 MTB Media + VAN 16.3 0.715.3 16.8 4.0 4.0 27294 1.75 Media + VAN 16.0 0.6 15.5 16.8 4.0 4.0 3.5Media + VAN 7 18.3 0.9 17.2 19.0 4.0 4.0 Media-No drug 15.4 1.1 14.716.7 3.0 3.0

Example 4 TTD of Various Mycobacterium Species with Various MASFormulations

To improve TTD of mycobacteria, various drugs were screened for theirability to suppress contaminating respiratory flora (CRF). From theseevaluations, fosfomycin was considered to be the best choice forsuppression of CRF.

A study was performed to determine the best possible formulation for anew MAS cocktail, various formulations were tested containing differentconcentrations of TMP, NA, FOS and POLY B. The following formulas wereevaluated: (1) NS: New bottle+Nutrient Supplement (NS); (2) RF:Conventional/old MP bottle+Conventional/old Recon Fluid; (3) Formula 1:NS+TMP (30 μg/ml), NA (600 μg/ml), POLY B (1250 units/ml), FOS (600μg/ml), Amp B (180 μg/ml-PI or IFU); (4) Formula 2: NS+TMP (30 μg/ml),NA (400 μg/ml-PI or IFU), POLY B (1250 units/ml), FOS (600 μg/ml), Amp B(180 μg/ml-PI or IFU); (5) Formula 3: NS+TMP (30 μg/ml), NA (400μg/ml-PI or IFU), POLY B (1500 units/ml), FOS (600 μg/ml), Amp B (180μg/ml—PI or IFU); (6) Formula 4: NS+TMP (30 μg/ml), NA (600 μg/ml), POLYB (1250 units/ml), FOS (600 μg/ml), Amp B (180 μg/ml-PI or IFU); and (7)Formula 5: NS+TMP (50 μg/ml), NA (400 μg/ml-PI or IFU), POLY B (1250units/ml), FOS (600 μg/ml), Amp B (180 μg/ml-PI or IFU); Where TMP istrimethoprim, NA is nalidixic acid, POLY B is polymyxin B, FOS isfosfomycin, and Amp B is amphotericin B.

The new supplement containing fatty acid free (FAF) BSA, 5 long chainfatty acids and of α-ketoglutarate, referred as nutrient supplement(NS), was prepared and filter sterilized as explained previously. Thenew, autoclavable MP culture bottle (as described hereinabove) was usedfor this study. Table 6 shows the composition of the new MP culturebottle and nutrient supplement (NS).

TABLE 6 New Culture Bottle and new Nutrient Supplement formulations NewBacT/ALERT MP culture bottle Nutrient Supplement (NS) Quantity MPCulture Bottle Material Description per liter Raw Material g/L Glycerol  50 g Middlebrook 4.7 Sodium Stearate #1 0.113 g Myristic Acid SodiumSalt #2 0.167 g Sodium Palmitate #3 0.088 g Sodium Oleate #4 0.113 gLinoleic Acid Sodium #5 0.111 g Bovine Serum Albumin   210 g (BSA)Catalase 0.064 g Pancreatic digest of Casein   20 g Sodium Pyruvate   20g Amaranth  0.04 g AKeto-glutarate    5 g

For the new NS, an autoclaved or new BacT/ALERT® MP bottle was used (asdescribed hereinabove) and for conventional/old RF, conventional/old MPbottle (bioMérieux, Inc.) was used. Before the inoculation of old or newMP culture bottles with mycobacteria or other bacterial/yeast cultures,0.5 ml of nutrient supplement (new NS) or 0.5 ml conventional/old RFwith different drugs were added to one set of the BacT/ALERT® MP culturebottles. The conventional MAS (using conventional/old RF) and new MASformulas (using NS) were added to the second set of MP culture bottles.The experiment was performed with mycobacteria species at 0.5×10³ CFU/mland CRF cultures at 0.5×10⁵ CFU/ml. The colony counts were alsoperformed using Middlebrook 7H10 or sheep blood or tryptic soy agarplates to verify the inoculum levels and purity of cultures. Theinoculated MP bottles were loaded at 35-37° C. in BacT/ALERT® 3D(bioMérieux, Inc.) non-rocking system for 35 days for mycobacteriacultures and up to 15 days for other cultures. Time To Detection (TTD)data was collected when the bottles were declared positive by theBacT/ALERT® instrument. The results are shown in Table 7 and FIGS.5A-5F.

All the new MAS formulas achieved better suppression of Gram-negativebacteria as compared to conventional/old MAS. There was breakthroughgrowth of Staphylococcus and Enterococcus species with the new formulasas compared to conventional/old MAS.

Table 7 and FIG. 5A show the TTD of M. tuberculosis 18283 with variousMAS formulations. All 5 new formulations showed an improvement in TTDwhen compared to the conventional/old formulation for the MAS. Theimprovement in TTD for M. tuberculosis 18283 with the new MASformulation was approximately 6-8 days.

Table 7 and FIG. 5B show the TTD of M. tuberculosis 27294 with variousMAS formulations. All 5 new formulations showed an improvement in TTDwhen compared to the conventional/old formulation for the MAS. Theimprovement in TTD for M tuberculosis 27294 with the new MAS formulationwas approximately 3-4 days.

Table 7 and FIG. 5C show the TTD of M. avium 569 with various MASformulations. All 5 new formulations showed an improvement in TTD whencompared to the conventional/old formulation for the MAS. Theimprovement in TTD for M. avium 569 with the new MAS formulation wasapproximately 6-7 days.

Table 7 and FIG. 5D show the TTD of M. intracellulare 13950 with variousMAS formulations. All 5 new formulations showed an improvement in TTDwhen compared to the conventional/old formulation for the MAS. Theimprovement in TTD for M. intracellulare 13950 with the new MASformulation was approximately 8-9 days.

Table 7 and FIG. 5E show the TTD of M scrofulaceum 19981 with variousMAS formulations. All 5 new formulations showed an improvement in TTDwhen compared to the conventional/old formulation for the MAS. Theimprovement in TTD for M. scrofulaceum 19981 with the new MASformulation was approximately 6-7 days. Notably, 2 of the 5 samplestested for M. scrofulaceum 19981 showed no growth with theconventional/old MAS formulation.

Table 7 and FIG. 5F show the TTD of M. kansasii 12478 with various MASformulations. All 5 new formulations showed an improvement in TTD whencompared to the conventional/old formulation for the MAS. TTD detectionfor M. kansasii 12478 was approximately 13-14 days with the new MAScompared to no growth detected with the conventional/old MASformulation.

TABLE 7 TTD of various species Average Std. Dev. Organism RF SupplementTTD TTD Min TTD Max TTD # Positive # Tested M. avium 569 1 NS-no drugs9.2 0.5 8.7 9.7 3.0 3.0 3 NS + Formula 1 9.0 0.6 8.5 10.0 5.0 5.0 4 NS +Formula 2 9.3 0.6 8.8 10.3 5.0 5.0 5 NS + Formula 3 8.4 0.3 8.0 8.7 5.05.0 6 NS + Formula 4 8.5 0.2 8.3 8.8 5.0 5.0 7 NS + Formula 5 9.2 0.38.7 9.5 5.0 5.0 8 RF-no drugs 9.4 0.4 9.0 9.7 3.0 3.0 9 RF + old MAS14.6 0.4 14.3 15.0 3.0 3.0 M. intracellulare 1 NS-no drugs 9.2 0.1 9.29.3 3.0 3.0 13950 3 NS + Formula 1 9.5 0.3 9.0 9.7 5.0 5.0 4 NS +Formula 2 9.4 0.1 9.3 9.5 5.0 5.0 5 NS + Formula 3 9.4 0.3 9.0 9.7 5.05.0 6 NS + Formula 4 10.0 0.2 9.7 10.3 5.0 5.0 7 NS + Formula 5 9.2 0.29.0 9.5 5.0 5.0 8 RF-no drugs 8.1 0.1 8.0 8.2 3.0 3.0 9 RF + old MAS17.2 1.3 15.8 18.2 3.0 3.0 M. kansasii 12478 1 NS-no drugs 12.3 0.6 11.712.8 3.0 3.0 3 NS + Formula 1 13.7 0.3 13.3 14.2 5.0 5.0 4 NS + Formula2 13.4 0.7 12.7 14.3 5.0 5.0 5 NS + Formula 3 13.4 0.5 13.0 14.2 5.0 5.06 NS + Formula 4 13.9 0.6 13.2 14.8 5.0 5.0 7 NS + Formula 5 14.0 0.813.0 15.3 5.0 5.0 8 RF-no drugs 17.3 0.5 16.7 17.7 3.0 3.0 9 RF + oldMAS 3.0 M. scrofulaceum 1 NS-no drugs 12.3 0.4 12.0 12.7 3.0 3.0 19981 3NS + Formula 1 11.0 0.5 10.3 11.5 5.0 5.0 4 NS + Formula 2 11.1 0.1 11.011.3 5.0 5.0 5 NS + Formula 3 11.1 0.3 10.5 11.3 5.0 5.0 6 NS + Formula4 11.3 0.2 11.2 11.5 5.0 5.0 7 NS + Formula 5 10.8 0.3 10.5 11.2 5.0 5.08 RF-no drugs 12.3 0.2 12.2 12.5 3.0 3.0 9 RF + old MAS 17.5 1.1 16.718.3 2.0 3.0 MTB 18283 1 NS-no drugs 9.3 0.1 9.2 9.3 3.0 3.0 3 NS +Formula 1 10.1 0.9 9.2 11.3 5.0 5.0 4 NS + Formula 2 9.5 0.4 9.0 10.05.0 5.0 5 NS + Formula 3 9.7 0.3 9.5 10.3 5.0 5.0 6 NS + Formula 4 10.80.3 10.5 11.2 5.0 5.0 7 NS + Formula 5 10.1 0.6 9.5 10.8 5.0 5.0 8 RF-nodrugs 11.3 0.5 10.8 11.7 3.0 3.0 9 RF + old MAS 17.5 0.9 16.5 18.2 3.03.0 MTB 27294 1 NS-no drugs 13.6 0.6 13.3 14.3 3.0 3.0 3 NS + Formula 112.9 0.1 12.8 13.0 5.0 5.0 4 NS + Formula 2 13.1 0.3 12.7 13.5 5.0 5.0 5NS + Formula 3 13.0 0.3 12.8 13.5 5.0 5.0 6 NS + Formula 4 13.2 0.4 12.713.7 5.0 5.0 7 NS + Formula 5 12.5 0.3 12.2 13.0 5.0 5.0 8 RF-no drugs12.6 0.4 12.2 13.0 3.0 3.0 9 RF + old MAS 14.8 0.8 14.0 15.5 3.0 3.0

Example 5 Comparison of Prior MAS Formulation Versus New MAS Formulationfor TTD of M. tuberculosis Complex Growth

The formula of the new MP bottle and nutrient supplement and formula 5of new MAS were selected for further testing. This study was performedby M. tuberculosis complex strains including Mycobacterium africanum,Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium microti, and Mycobacteriumtuberculosis. The composition of formula 5 was: NS+TMP (50 μg/ml), NA(400 μg/ml-PI or IFU), POLY B (1250 units/ml), FOS (600 μg/ml), Amp B(180 μg/ml-PI or IFU).

For the new MAS formulas and NS, a new, autoclaved BacT/ALERT® MP bottle(as described hereinabove) was used and for conventional/old RF,conventional/old MP bottle (bioMérieux, Inc.) was used. Before theinoculation of old or new MP culture bottles with mycobacteria cultures,0.5 ml of nutrient supplement (new NS) or 0.5 ml of conventional/old RFwith different drugs were added to one set of the BacT/ALERT® MP culturebottles. The conventional MAS (using conventional/old RF) and new MASformulas (using NS) were added to the second set of MP culture bottles.

The mycobacteria inoculum was 0.5×10³ CFU/ml. The colony counts werealso performed using Middlebrook 7H10 or sheep blood or tryptic soy agarplates to verify the inoculum levels and purity of cultures. Theinoculated MP bottles were loaded at 35-37° C. in BacT/ALERT® 3D(bioMérieux, Inc.) non-rocking system for 35 days for mycobacteriacultures. Time To Detection (TTD) data was collected when the bottleswere declared positive by the BacT/ALERT instrument.

The growth (as TTD of growth) was determined for M. tuberculosis complexstrains comparing the conventional/old RF and MAS (RF+Conventional/oldMAS) and the new nutrient supplement and new MAS (NS+New MAS). TTD wasdetermined for four out of five M. tuberculosis complex strains i.e.Mycobacterium africanum, Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium microti, andMycobacterium tuberculosis in RF+Conventional/old MAS culture medium andNS+New MAS culture medium. Results are shown in Table 8 and FIG. 6.

As shown in Table 8 and FIG. 6, NS+New MAS shows an approximate 1-10days improvement in TTD for M. tuberculosis complex strain growth whencompared to RF+conventional/old MAS.

TABLE 8 TTD of M. tuberculosis complex Average Std. Dev. Min. TTD Max.TTD # Organism Supplement TTD (days) TTD (days) (days) (days) Positives# Tested M. africanum NS + Formula 5 14.2 0.3 13.8 14.7 5.0 5.0 25420RF + Old MAS 15.5 0.8 14.8 16.3 3.0 3.0 M. bovis NS + Formula 5 18.4 1.317.2 19.7 5.0 5.0 8131 RF + Old MAS 20.4 2.1 18.2 22.3 3.0 3.0 M.microti NS + Formula 5 15.0 1.4 12.8 16.3 5.0 5.0 19422 RF + Old MAS16.6 0.3 16.2 16.8 3.0 3.0 MTB 18283 NS + Formula 5 10.1 0.2 9.7 10.25.0 5.0 RF + Old MAS 20.9 1.8 19.2 22.7 3.0 3.0 MTB 25177 NS + Formula 519.9 1.3 18.3 21.2 5.0 5.0 RF + Old MAS 32.4 1.6 31.3 34.2 3.0 3.0 MTB27294 NS + Formula 5 14.1 0.4 13.7 14.7 5.0 5.0 RF + Old MAS 16.8 0.516.3 17.3 3.0 3.0

Example 6 Comparison of Prior MAS Formulation Versus New MAS Formulationfor TTD of Mycobacteria Other than Tuberculosis (MOTT) Growth

The formula of the new MP bottle, nutrient supplement (NS) and formula 5of new MAS were selected for further testing. This study was performedby mycobacteria other than tuberculosis (MOTT) strains includingMycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare, Mycobacteriumkansasii, and Mycobacterium scrofulaceum. The composition of formula 5was: NS+TMP (50 μg/ml), NA (400 μg/ml-PI or IFU), POLY B (1250units/ml), FOS (600 μg/ml), Amp B (180 μg/ml-PI or IFU).

For the new formulas and NS, an autoclaved or new BacT/ALERT® MP bottle(as described hereinabove) was used and for conventional/old RF,conventional/old MP bottle (bioMérieux, Inc.) was used. Before theinoculation of old or new MP culture bottles with mycobacteria cultures,0.5 ml of nutrient supplement (new NS) or 0.5 ml of conventional/old RFwith different drugs were added to one set of the BacT/ALERT® MP culturebottles. The conventional MAS (using conventional/old RF) and new MASformulas (using NS) were added to the second set of MP culture bottles.

The mycobacteria inoculum was 0.5×10³ CFU/ml. The colony counts werealso performed using Middlebrook 7H10 or sheep blood or tryptic soy agarplates to verify the inoculum levels and purity of cultures. Theinoculated MP bottles were loaded at 35-37° C. in BacT/ALERT 3D(bioMérieux, Inc.) non-rocking system for 35 days for mycobacteriacultures. Time To Detection (TTD) data was collected when the bottleswere declared positive by the BacT/ALERT® instrument. Results are shownin Table 9 and FIG. 7.

As shown in Table 9 and FIG. 7, NS+New MAS shows an approximate 1-12days improvement in TTD for the Mycobacteria other than tuberculosis(MOTT) when compared to RF+Conventional/old MAS.

TABLE 9 TTD of Mycobacteria other than tuberculosis (MOTT) Average Std.Dev. TTD TTD Min. TTD Max. TTD Organism Supplement (days) (days) (days)(days) # Positives # Tested M. avium 25291 NS + Formula 5 11.8 0.4 11.512.5 5.0 5.0 RF + Old MAS 12.9 0.7 12.3 13.7 3.0 3.0 M. avium 569 NS +Formula 5 14.2 1.3 12.7 15.7 5.0 5.0 RF + Old MAS 20.0 1.8 18.7 21.2 2.03.0 M. intracellulare NS + Formula 5 8.6 0.3 8.2 9.0 5.0 5.0 13950 RF +Old MAS 16.0 0.9 15.0 16.8 3.0 3.0 M. intracellulare NS + Formula 5 13.81.0 12.7 14.7 5.0 5.0 644 RF + Old MAS 29.9 2.6 28.0 31.7 2.0 3.0 M.kansasii NS + Formula 5 13.6 0.6 12.8 14.5 5.0 5.0 12478 RF + Old MAS31.5 2.6 30.0 34.5 3.0 3.0 M. NS + Formula 5 10.0 0.3 9.7 10.5 5.0 5.0scrofulaceum RF + Old MAS 17.9 0.3 17.7 18.2 3.0 3.0 19981

Example 7 Comparison of Prior MAS Formulation Versus Two New MASFormulations with Different FOS Concentrations for TTD of M.Tuberculosis Strains

Formula 5 of new MAS was further refined to achieve better suppressionof CRF by increasing the FOS concentration from 600 μg/ml to 800 μg/ml.The next study was performed with 10 strains of M. tuberculosis at0.5×10³ CFU/ml. Ten M. tuberculosis strains comprised of four CDCisolates, five virulent ATCC strains and one QC reference strain.

For the new formulas and new NS, an autoclaved or new BacT/ALERT® MPbottle (as described hereinabove) was used and for conventional/old RF,conventional/old MP bottle (bioMérieux, Inc.) was used. Before theinoculation of old or new MP culture bottles with mycobacteria cultures,0.5 ml of nutrient supplement (new NS) or 0.5 ml conventional/old RFwith different drugs were added to one set of the BacT/ALERT® MP culturebottles. The conventional MAS (using conventional/old RF) and new MASformulas (using new NS) were added to the second set of MP culturebottles.

The mycobacteria inoculum was 0.5×10³ CFU/ml. The colony counts werealso performed using Middlebrook 7H10 or sheep blood or tryptic soy agarplates to verify the inoculum levels and purity of cultures. Theinoculated MP bottles were loaded at 35-37° C. in BacT/ALERT® 3D(bioMérieux, Inc.) non-rocking system for 35 days for mycobacteriacultures. Time To Detection (TTD) data was collected when the bottleswere declared positive by the BacT/ALERT® instrument. Results are shownin Table 10.

As shown in Table 10, the new MAS formulas showed an approximate 2-8days improvement in TTD for M. tuberculosis strains when compared toRF+Conventional/old MAS.

TABLE 10 TTD of various strains of M. tuberculosis with new MAS formulascontaining 600 μg/ml (MAS 5) and 800 μg/ml (Formula 5 + FOS 200 μg/ml)Average TTD Std. Dev. TTD Min. TTD Max. TTD Organism Strain IDSupplement (days) (days) (days) (days) # Positive # Tested Mycobacterium2663 NS + Formula 5 15.1 0.8 14.0 16.0 5.0 5.0 tuberculosis NS + Formula5 + FOS 200 15.3 0.3 14.8 15.7 5.0 5.0 RF + Old MAS 17.9 0.2 17.7 18.35.0 5.0 2677 NS + Formula 5 17.3 0.5 16.7 18.0 5.0 5.0 NS + Formula 5 +FOS 200 17.2 0.6 16.5 18.0 5.0 5.0 RF + Old MAS 22.1 0.6 21.3 22.8 5.05.0 18283 NS + Formula 5 8.9 0.5 8.3 9.5 5.0 5.0 NS + Formula 5 + FOS200 9.5 0.3 9.0 9.7 5.0 5.0 RF + Old MAS 17.0 0.8 16.0 18.2 5.0 5.018292 NS + Formula 5 13.9 0.7 13.3 14.7 5.0 5.0 NS + Formula 5 + FOS 20014.1 0.3 13.7 14.5 5.0 5.0 RF + Old MAS 15.8 0.8 15.2 17.2 5.0 5.0 25177NS + Formula 5 16.0 0.4 15.5 16.3 5.0 5.0 NS + Formula 5 + FOS 200 16.30.8 15.2 17.3 5.0 5.0 RF + Old MAS 19.1 0.3 18.8 19.5 5.0 5.0 27294 NS +Formula 5 14.1 0.4 13.5 14.5 5.0 5.0 NS + Formula 5 + FOS 200 14.5 0.513.8 15.2 5.0 5.0 RF + Old MAS 16.3 0.4 15.7 16.7 5.0 5.0 35822 NS +Formula 5 15.0 0.8 13.7 16.0 5.0 5.0 NS + Formula 5 + FOS 200 15.7 0.315.3 16.2 5.0 5.0 RF + Old MAS 17.9 0.6 17.2 18.8 5.0 5.0 35837 NS +Formula 5 14.8 1.0 13.5 16.3 5.0 5.0 NS + Formula 5 + FOS 200 15.2 0.215.0 15.3 5.0 5.0 RF + Old MAS 17.8 0.4 17.2 18.2 5.0 5.0 35838 NS +Formula 5 15.5 0.6 14.8 16.2 5.0 5.0 NS + Formula 5 + FOS 200 15.7 0.415.2 16.2 5.0 5.0 RF + Old MAS 17.0 0.6 16.2 17.5 5.0 5.0

Example 8 Comparison of Prior MAS Formulation Versus Two New MASFormulations with Different FOS Concentrations for Suppression ofContaminating Respiratory Flora (CRF)

Formula 5 of new MAS was further refined to achieve better suppressionof CRF by increasing the FOS concentration from 600 μg/ml to 800 μg/ml.Growth or no growth (NG) was determined for various gram positive orgram negative bacterial and yeast cultures by comparing theconventional/old RF and MAS (RF+Conventional/old MAS) and new nutrientsupplement and new MAS formulations NS+new MAS). The new MASformulations contained formula 5+200 μg/ml FOS (a total of 800 μg/mlFOS). CRF were tested were tested at 0.6×10⁴ CFU/ml. The colony countswere also performed using sheep blood or tryptic soy agar plates toverify the inoculum levels and purity of cultures. The inoculated MPbottles were loaded at 35-37° C. in BacT/ALERT® 3D (bioMérieux, Inc.)non-rocking system for 15 days for all cultures. Time To Detection (TTD)data was collected when the bottles were declared positive by theBacT/ALERT® instrument.

Table 11 shows that the new formulation of MAS was a better formulationto suppress the growth of CRF when compared to conventional/old MASformulation.

TABLE 11 Table showing suppression of contaminating respiratory flora(CRF) Breakthrough Organism Strain ID Supplement Contamination Candidaalbicans 11006 NS + Formula 5 NG NS + Formula 5 + FOS 200 NG RF + OldMAS NG 302876 NS + Formula 5 NG NS + Formula 5 + FOS 200 NG RF + Old MAS1/5 Enterococcus faecalis 8711 NS + Formula 5 5/5 NS + Formula 5 + FOS200 1/5 RF + Old MAS NG 8340 (VRE) NS + Formula 5 5/5 NS + Formula 5 +FOS 200 NG RF + Old MAS 3/5 Klebsiella pneumoniae 109241 NS + Formula 5NG NS + Formula 5 + FOS 200 NG RF + Old MAS NG Pseudomonas aeruginosa27853 NS + Formula 5 NG NS + Formula 5 + FOS 200 NG RF + Old MAS 1/5106159 NS + Formula 5 NG NS + Formula 5 + FOS 200 NG RF + Old MAS NGStaphylococcus aureus 12535 NS + Formula 5 5/5 NS + Formula 5 + FOS 200NG RF + Old MAS NG 25923 NS + Formula 5 5/5 NS + Formula 5 + FOS 200 2/5RF + Old MAS NG 13305 (MRSA) NS + Formula 5 5/5 NS + Formula 5 + FOS 200NG RF + Old MAS NG Staphylococcus epidermidis 7104 NS + Formula 5 5/5NS + Formula 5 + FOS 200 1/5 RF + Old MAS NG Stenotrophomonasmaltophilia 13637 NS + Formula 5 NG NS + Formula 5 + FOS 200 NG RF + OldMAS NG 106259 NS + Formula 5 5/5 NS + Formula 5 + FOS 200 NG RF + OldMAS 2/5 Streptococcus oralis 12975 NS + Formula 5 NG NS + Formula 5 +FOS 200 NG RF + Old MAS NG Streptococcus pneumoniae 6305 NS + Formula 55/5 NS + Formula 5 + FOS 200 NG RF + Old MAS NG

1. A method for enhanced the growth of mycobacteria comprising adding asample suspected of containing mycobacteria to a culture mediumcomprising fatty acid-free BSA, a fatty acid supplement comprising oneor more long chain acids, and an antimicrobial supplement, andsubjecting the culture medium to conditions suitable for growth of saidmycobacteria, wherein said fatty acid-free BSA and said one or more longchain fatty acids enhance the growth of said mycobacteria compared toculture media not containing the fatty acid-free BSA and the fatty acidsupplement.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said enhanced growthcomprises reducing the time to detection of mycobacteria growth by atleast about 1 days.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein said one or morelong chain fatty acids are fatty acids having 10 or more carbon atoms.4. The method of claim 1, wherein said fatty acids are selected from thegroup consisting of myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleicacid, linoleic acid, and salts thereof.
 5. The method of claim 1,wherein said antimicrobial supplement comprises one or moreantimicrobials in an amount sufficient to inhibit bacterial, yeast orfungal contamination in said culture medium and wherein said one or moreantimicrobial substances are selected from the group consisting ofantibiotics, bacteriostatics, bactericides, antibacterials, antivirals,antifungals, antiprotozoals and antiparasites.
 6. The method of claim 5,wherein said one or more antimicrobials comprise one or moreantibiotics, and wherein said one or more antibiotics are selected fromthe group consisting of polymyxin B, vancomycin, azlocillin,amphotericin B, nalidixic acid, trimethoprim and fosfomycin.
 7. Themethod of claim 5, wherein said antimicrobial supplement comprisespolymyxin B, amphotericin B, nalidixic acid, trimethoprim andfosfomycin.